الظرف في اللغة الانجليزية Adverbs

الظرف : كلمة لها وظائف كثيره ومتعدده وقد تتعلق بالزمان , المكان والحال ... الخ وهي تشكل القسم الرابع من اقسام الكلام , حيث انها ترتبط ارتباطاُ قوياً بالصفات , لان معظم الظروف يتم اشتقاقها من الصفات بأضافة اللاحقه (ly) الى نهاية الصفة . والعبارة الظرفيه قد تُشير الى مايلي :
Those flowers grow quickly, don’t they?				الحال		Manner
Sign here please.				المكان		Place
He came very early.				الزمان		Time
No, I’m not staying there permanently.				الفتره الزمنيه		Duration
I often go and see them.				عدد المرت		Frequency
I was great relieved when we were finally rid of her.				درجة الحدوث		Degree
I stupidly forgot to mention the meeting to him.				الاحكام والتعليقات		Evaluative
I personally don’t think you would hate it, Ali.				وجهة نطر		Viewpoint
انواع الظروف
توجد اربعة انواع من الظروف هي كالتالي :
·        الظروف المشتقه من الصفات بأضافة ( ly ) ·        الظروف التي لها نفس شكل الصفات , اي ثابته لا تتغير ·        الظروف التي تستخدم مع زمن المضارع ·        الظروف التي ليس لها شكل مماثل للصفات
الظروف التي تستخدم مع زمن المضارع		الظروف التي لها نفس شكل الصفات		الظروف التي يتم اشتقاقها من الصفات بأضافة (ly)
generally		fast		bad – badly
always		daily		easy – easily
usually		hard		heavy – heavily
sometimes		fast		real – really
often		long		sad – sadly
seldom		low		Careful – carefully
normally		late		Final – finally
occasionally		early		Polite – politely
الظروف التي يتم اشتقاقها من الصفات بأضافة (ly)
قواعد اشتقاقها
·        الصفات التي تنتهي ﺑ ( y ) واﻟ ( y ) مسبوقاً بحرف صحيح , يحذف اﻟ ( y ) ويضاف (ily) الى الصفة لتحويلها الى ظرف مثل ...
			easily		easy
			luckily		lucky
			happily		happy
·        ولكن هناك استثناءات مثل ...
			shyly		shy
			dryly		dry
·        الصفات التي تنتهي ﺑ ( le ) فعند تحويلها الى ظرف , يحذف ( le ) ويضاف ( ly ) اليها مثل ...
			possibly		possible
			probably		probable
			terribly		terrible
			wholly		whole
·        بعض الصفات التي تنتهي ﺑ ( e ) ,فعند تحويلها الى ظروف يبقى اﻟ ( e ) ويضاف (ly) الى نهايتها كما في الامثلة التالية ...
			actively		active
			bravely		brave
			politely		polite
·        بعض الصفات التي تنتهي ﺑ ( ue ) ,فعند تحويلها الى ظروف يحذف اﻟ ( e ) ويضاف (ly) الى نهايتها كما في الامثلة التالية ...

			duly		due
			truly		true
·        بعض الصفات التي تنتهي ﺑ ( ic ) ,فعند تحويلها الى ظروف , يضاف لها (ally) الى نهايتها والصفات التي تنتهي ﺑ (ical) يضاف اليها فقط ( ly ) كما في الامثلة التالية ...
			automatically		automatic
			basically		basic
			economically		economic
			economically		economical
			energetically		energetic
			fantastically		fantastic
			historically		historic
			historically		historical
			scientifically		scientific
			electrically		electrical
			heroically		heroic
·        ولكن هناك استثناءات مثل ...			publicly		public
·        اخيراً , هذه مجموعه من الامثلة ستساعدك على فهم الظروف المشتقه ﺑ ( ly ) .
Larry always washes his car very carefully. Finally we found the address we were looking for. Donna proudly showed us her new home page. I want to get this over and done with as quickly as possible. It’s fairly obvious that the two leaders met secretly for peace talks last week.
ملاحظات هامه
·        بعض الظروف يتم اشتقاقها من التصريف الثالث للفعل (Past Participle) بأضافة ( ly )الى نهاية الفعل كما في الامثلة التالية ....
		markedly		marked
		allegedly		alleged
		assuredly		assured
		undeservedly		undeserved
·        بعض الظروف يتم اشتقاقها بأضافة بعض اللواحق الخاصه اليها وهي كالتالي ...
Backwards , downwards , forwards ,upwards				–wards
sideways				–ways
clockwise				–wise
European – style , cowboy – style (اسلوب حياة)				–style
Chinese – fashion , schoolboy – fashion				–fashion
الظروف التي لها نفس شكل الصفات (اي ثابته لا تتغير)
وهي الكلمات التي تستعمل كصفات وظروف في نفس الوقت , حيث لها نفس الشكل مثل ...
الظرف (Adverb)			الصفة (Adjective)
I bought it cheap.			This is a cheap book.
We meet daily (weekly…etc)			Is this a daily paper?
I got up vary early			I took an early train.
He came home late.			We had a late dinner.
Have you come far?			The far end of the park.
She drives too fast.			This is a fast car.
He worked hard all his life.			Mr. Pearson a hard worker.
Will you please sit still?			It was still evening in April.
I’m sorry it took so long.			We went on a long journey.
We flew low over the hills.			The man spoke in a low voice.
The time draws near when we must go.			The play was a near success.
We went straight home.			Give me a straight answer.

الظروف التي تستخدم مع زمن المضارع
هذا النوع من الظروف يذكر عادة بين الفاعل والفعل الرئيسي وغالباً ما يستعمل مع الزمن المضارع مثل ...
·        A man often chooses a wife who is like his mother. ·        We always wash our hands before dinner. ·        I usually have a walk in the evening. ·        I often go and see them. ·        We sometimes visit the museum.
الظروف التي ليس لها شكل مماثل للصفات
بعض الصفات مثل (friendly , impossible , lively ) لا توجد لها ظروف مماثله , لذا تستخدم بطريقه اخرى كما في الامثلة التالية...
الظرف	الصفة
She answered in a friendly way.	She wrote a friendly answer.
He spoke in a lively manner.	We had a lively discussion.
Not possibly (or)  impossibly	impossible
استعمالات الظروف
·        يستعمل الظرف لوصف الفعل مثل ...
·        She drives carefully. ·        She answered rudely. ·        He writes well. ·        He act badly. ·        We miss you terribly. ·        She runs quickly.
·        يستعمل الظرف لوصف الصفة مثل ...
·        This is perfectly true. ·        It’s awfully nice of you to call. ·        I was completely wrong. ·        The answer was dreadfully stupid. ·        The mountain is dangerously steep. ·        He is completely crazy.
·        يستعمل الظرف لوصف ظرف اخر مثل ...
·        She writes extremely well. ·        He speaks awfully slowly. ·        The business in Holland went remarkably smoothly. ·        She’d worked extremely hard. ·        She sings incredibly beautifully. ·        It seems to affect different people completely differently.
·        يمكن للظرف ان يصف عبارة اسميه , عباره كامله او حتى جملة كامله مثل ...
·        Only someone very stupid would say that. (عبارة اسميه) ·        We’ve got our silver wedding soon, so we’re planning a few days away. ·        Frankly, when he smiles, it terrifies me. (جملة كامله) ·        Luckily, I’d read the book before so I knew what it was.
بعض الظروف تأخذ شكلين ﺑ ( ly ) او بدون ( ly )
ظــــروف مـــع (ly)	ظــــروف بـــدون (ly)
The audience laughed loudly.	I read the article out loud.
She speaks loudly.	Read aloud.
They are closely related.	Don’t come too close.
We easily beat our opponents.	Take it easy, man!
I hardly believed it.	She worked hard.
I was highly amused.	He played high and lost a fortune.
She’s not been well lately.	We arrived late.
He’s lowly paid.	They searched high and low.
The train is nearly full.	She lives quite near.
He’s rightly upset.	We’ll do it right now. (right away)
I’ll be back shortly.	He stopped short.
He was wrongly accused.	My name’s spelt wrong.
He came home directly after the match. الظروف كأجوبة قصيرة   تستخدم الظروف كردود واجوبه قصيره لبعض الحورات , كما في الامثلة التاليه ...   A: That’s a fair comment, isn’t it? B: Absolutely. (بالتاكيد)   A: It’s more for the kids, isn’t it? B: You think so? C: Yeah, definitely. (بالتاكيد)     A: He might have been away at the time. B: Well, possibly. (من المحتمل)     A: Didn’t you think it was just a joke? B: Yeah, probably. (من المحتمل)     A: She’s obviously going to tear it up and throw it in the bin. B: Precisely. (بالضبط)     A: Well, you wear a little black dress to clubs or to a party. B: Yeah, exactly. (بالضبط)     A: Not easy, mind you, accommodating everything in our bedroom. (الاسكان) B: Well, yes, quite     A: Have you been in smaller classes before? B: Not really.(ليس حقاً , في الواقع لا) (شائعه جداً)     To a waiter ( الى النادل) A: Can I have the bill please? (قائمة الحساب) B: Certainly (بالتاكيد)     A: it’s hot in here. B: Yes, very     A: She’s a very bright kid. (طفل ذكي) B: She is, yes, incredibly. ( بشكل لا يصدق)   درجات المقارنه للظروف   يتم مقارنة الظروف بنفس الطريقة التي تعلمناها مع الصفات ( راجع درس درجات المقارنه) وهذا مثال على ذلك ...   Superlative Comparative Positive   the fastest faster fast the hardest harder hard the soonest sooner soon the most carefully more carefully carefully the most quickly more quickly quickly the most slowly more slowly slowly the worst worse badly the best better well the latest , last later late	They went direct to Seattle.